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Xoan singing: The soulful melodies of Phu Tho villages

05/02/2025

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Xoan singing, a treasured Vietnamese folk art form from Phu Tho, invites you to experience its soulful melodies. Recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage, this art form offers a unique glimpse into Vietnam’s traditions.

1. What is Xoan singing?
2. Legends of Xoan singing
3. Outstanding features of Xoan singing
4. Main parts of Xoan singing
5. Xoan singing tours in Phu Tho Province and more

1. What is Xoan singing?

Xoan singing, originally called “Hát Xuân” (Spring Singing), is a cherished form of Vietnamese folk music and one of the country’s oldest traditions. It began during the early days of the rice farming civilization, when it was performed in spring to celebrate the season. This art form predates even the era of the Hung Kings, the ancient founders of Vietnam.

Enjoying Xoan singing traditional music is an immersive way to connect with Vietnam’s heritage (Source: Collected)

Rooted in the daily life of early agricultural communities, Xoan singing then evolved into a vital cultural practice. The Hung Kings recognized its importance and encouraged its spread across villages. They established singing guilds to perform during festivals and ceremonies, making it an integral part of local traditions.

In December 2017, UNESCO recognized Xoan singing as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

2. Legends of Xoan singing

The legend of Xoan singing is deeply rooted in Vietnam’s cultural history and the era of the Hung Kings. It begins with Lan Lang Vuong, the eldest son of Lac Long Quan and Au Co. He stayed in Phong Chau, to protect the people and govern Van Lang (Vietnam). When he ascended the throne, he became the first Hung King.

One day, while returning from a victorious campaign, the queen suddenly experienced severe labor pains but couldn’t deliver her baby. Villagers from An Thai suggested inviting Que Hoa, a local girl renowned for her captivating singing and dancing, to cheer the queen. Her art lifted the queen’s spirits, and soon after, the queen gave birth to a princess.

Moved by Que Hoa’s talent, the king brought her to the royal court to perform regularly. He ordered that this singing and dancing style should be shared with villages across the land. Initially called “Hát Xuân” (Spring Singing), it was later renamed “Hát Xoan” to honor the princess, Xuan Nuong, who was born in spring.

This legend adds a layer of cultural significance to the performance, making it more than just music.

The legend of Xoan singing is tied to Vietnam’s cultural history (Source: Collected)

3. Outstanding features of Xoan singing

Xoan singing is an ancient art form that has been preserved for generations. It is not only rich in history but also diverse in content, melodies, and performing styles. Each performance is carefully adapted to the setting, purpose, and audience.

For example, when honoring the heavens, performers will clasp their hands, stand with feet together, and face the sky in reverence. At the royal court, the tone and movements become more formal and refined, tailored to the presence of the royal family. In temples or festivals, the style shifts again, reflecting the purpose – whether it is praying to a deity, celebrating spring, or expressing love.

Xoan singing includes a variety of vocal styles, such as narration, recitation, poetry singing, and melody singing. Performances often feature male and female choruses, duets, call-and-response singing, and even polyphonic styles. The melodies range from solemn and steady to lively and romantic, each evoking a distinct emotion.

Xoan singing is a seamless blend of music, dance, and ritual (Source: Collected)

Check out: Vietnamese folk songs: Famous songs across 3 regions & their meanings!

4. Main parts of Xoan singing

Xoan singing has three main parts.

4.1. Ritual singing (hat nghi le)

Ritual singing is performed during ceremonies to honor deities and ancestors. The singers wear traditional attire and follow strict protocols. The performance begins with offerings to invite the King to the village festival. A key highlight is the procession, where eight young men carry the King’s palanquin, accompanied by four unmarried female singers performing beneath it. Their songs convey wishes for prosperity and longevity.

4.2. Antiphonal singing (hat qua cach)

Antiphonal singing showcases the diverse types of Xoan singing, with melodies that reflect rural life and various professions. With origins in agricultural labor, this part includes over 15 variations grouped by themes. These themes range from historical tales and seasonal changes to the life of farmers, artisans, and merchants. Each melody tells a unique story, giving you insight into Vietnam’s rich heritage.

4.3. Courtship singing (hat giao duyen)

Courtship singing brings human emotions to life through playful exchanges, riddles, and romantic dialogues. The performers often improvise the lyrics to challenge each other’s wit or express affection. These songs mirror daily life and create opportunities for young men and women to connect during festivals.

Xoan singing reflects the spirit of Vietnam’s rural communities (Source: Collected)

5. Xoan singing tours in Phu Tho Province and more

Phu Tho invites you on a cultural journey through its “Xoan Singing in Ancient Villages” tour. Launched in April 2018, this tour offers an immersive experience into Vietnam’s heritage, blending history, traditions, and the art of Xoan singing.

Here are some highlights of this Xoan singing tour:

Visit the Hung Kings’ Temple complex: The tour starts at the Hung Kings’ Temple, a sacred site deeply rooted in Vietnam’s cultural identity. Here, you can join rituals honoring the Hung Kings, learn about their pivotal role in Vietnam’s early history, and understand the importance of ancestor worship.
Explore Hung Vuong Museum: This museum showcases Phu Tho’s natural beauty and its cultural evolution. You will see artifacts that trace the region’s journey from prehistoric times to the present.
Discover Hung Lo Ancient Village: The tour takes you to Hung Lo, a 300-year-old riverside village. You can explore its ancient communal house, stroll through the rural market, and try hands-on activities like wrapping banh chung or pounding banh day – two iconic Vietnamese dishes.
Experience Xoan singing at Lai Len Shrine: The journey concludes at Lai Len Shrine, the birthplace of Xoan singing. Here, you will witness mesmerizing performances by skilled artists. The harmony of drums, lyrics, and graceful movements creates an atmosphere that is enchanting.

Xoan singing tours in Phu Tho Province and more

Every moment of the Xoan singing tour connects you to Vietnam’s heritage (Source: Collected)

More on: Hue royal court music: A UNESCO cultural treasure in Vietnam

Xoan singing is not merely an art form; it is a gateway to Vietnam’s soul. Whether it is the heartfelt melodies, ancient legends, or ceremonial rituals that captivate you, Xoan singing offers an unforgettable cultural experience. A visit to Phu Tho will surely leave you with cherished memories and a deeper appreciation for Vietnam’s heritage.

Beyond Phu Tho, Vietnam offers many other destinations filled with both cultural and natural wonders. Hanoi enchants with its historical charm, while Phu Quoc, Nha Trang, and Hoi An beckon with pristine beaches. Ho Chi Minh City, on the other hand, pulses with modern energy.

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